Agricultural Research Knowledge
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- ICARDA 2025 Financial StatementAuthor(s): (ICARDA), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2026-07-06)Date: 2026-07-06Type: ReportStatus: Open accessICARDA's Financial Report offers a meticulous examination of our financial achievements, underscoring our unwavering commitment to transparency, effectiveness, and responsible fiscal stewardship. The report provides invaluable perspectives on income origins, expenditure distribution, investment tactics, and critical financial benchmarks. As we persist in propelling agricultural research and pioneering breakthroughs in arid regions, this report serves as a testament to our unwavering dedication to sound financial strategies, bolstering our mission to enrich livelihoods and foster sustainable development.
- أساسيات تحسين الفول البلدي: الدورة التدريبية الثانية على تحسين الفول البلديAuthor(s): (ICARDA), International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1983-04-06)Date: 1983-04-06Type: Training MaterialStatus: Open accessهذا الكتيب العلمي هو حصيلة مواضيع علمية وتطبيقية عديدة ألقيت خلال الدورة التدريبية الوطنية الثانية لمشروع وادي النيل التي أقيمت على محطة بحوث سخا، جمهورية مصر العربية بين 19 مارس- 6 ابريل 1983 إيكاردا - إيفاد مشروع وادي النيل. امتازت هذه الدروة بتعدد الاختصاصات واشتملت على محاضرات نظرية وتدريبات عملية في الحقل والمختبرات في نواحي متعددة حول تحسين الفول البلدي. تضمنت مواضيع الدورة دراسة أهمية الفول البلدي في وادي النيل والطرق الوراثية المتبعة لتحسينه وطرق التهجين المختلفة كما تضمنت دراسة مكافحة الأعشاب الضارة ودراسة أهم أمراض وحشرات الفول البلدي.
- الجوانب العملية في إنتاج البذارAuthor(s): El-Sebae Ahmed, Samir (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1988-01-10)Date: 1988-01-10Type: Training MaterialStatus: Open accessالدورة التدريبية الثانية على تقنيات إنتاج البذار بين المؤسسة العامة لإكثار البذار في الجمهورية العربية السورية والمركز الدولي للبحوث الزراعية في المناطق الجافة (إيكاردا). حلب - سورية - 15-26 شباط 1987 يحتوي هذا الكتاب على المحاضرات التي ألقيت في الدورة التدريبية على إنتاج البذار التي أقيمت بالتعاون بين إيكاردا والمؤسسة العامة لإكثار البذار. ويهدف بصورة عامة إلى مساعدة المختصين في إنتاج واستعمال البذار وخاصة مربو النباتات ومزارعي البذار والمختصين في عملية التجهيز والمسؤولين عن مراقبة جودة البذار وخبراء الإرشاد الزراعي وطلاب المعاهد الراعية والمتدربين.
- تقرير الدورة التدريبية العربية الأولى للمصادر الوراثية النباتية في المناطق الجافة (الجزء الأول)Author(s): ACSAD, The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Areas (ACSAD), 1984-06-28)Date: 1984-06-28Type: Conference ProceedingsStatus: Open accessاشتمل برنامج الدورة على عدة أجزاء منها المحاضرات النظرية الخاصة بتعريف المصادر الوراثية وطرق جمعها وحفظها وتقييمها عالجت الأصول الوراثية للحبوب والبقوليات الغذائية والأشجار المثمرة والأعلاف والمراعي الطبيعية كما اهتمت الدروة بالجزء العملي الذي اشتمل على تدريبات عملية مخبرية وجولات حقلية للتعرف على النباتات البرية وجمع بذورها وطرق معالجتها وتعريفها وحفظها.
- تقرير الدورة التدريبية العربية الأولى للمصادر الوراثية النباتية في المناطق الجافة (الجزء الثاني) من 10-4 ولغاية 7-5-1984Author(s): ACSAD, The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Areas (ACSAD), 1984-06-28)Date: 1984-06-28Type: Conference ProceedingsStatus: Open accessاشتمل برنامج الدورة على عدة أجزاء منها المحاضرات النظرية الخاصة بتعريف المصادر الوراثية وطرق جمعها وحفظها وتقييمها عالجت الأصول الوراثية للحبوب والبقوليات الغذائية والأشجار المثمرة والأعلاف والمراعي الطبيعية كما اهتمت الدروة بالجزء العملي الذي اشتمل على تدريبات عملية مخبرية وجولات حقلية للتعرف على النباتات البرية وجمع بذورها وطرق معالجتها وتعريفها وحفظها.
- تقرير الدورة التدريبية العربية الأولى للمصادر الوراثية النباتية في المناطق الجافة (الجزء الثالث) من 10-4 ولغاية 7-5-1984Author(s): ACSAD, The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Areas (ACSAD), 1984-06-28)Date: 1984-06-28Type: Conference ProceedingsStatus: Open accessاشتمل برنامج الدورة على عدة أجزاء منها المحاضرات النظرية الخاصة بتعريف المصادر الوراثية وطرق جمعها وحفظها وتقييمها عالجت الأصول الوراثية للحبوب والبقوليات الغذائية والأشجار المثمرة والأعلاف والمراعي الطبيعية كما اهتمت الدروة بالجزء العملي الذي اشتمل على تدريبات عملية مخبرية وجولات حقلية للتعرف على النباتات البرية وجمع بذورها وطرق معالجتها وتعريفها وحفظها.
- تقرير الدورة التدريبية العربية الأولى للمصادر الوراثية النباتية في المناطق الجافة (الجزء الرابع) من 10-4 ولغاية 7-5-1984Author(s): ACSAD, The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Areas (ACSAD), 1984-06-28)Date: 1984-06-28Type: Conference ProceedingsStatus: Open accessاشتمل برنامج الدورة على عدة أجزاء منها المحاضرات النظرية الخاصة بتعريف المصادر الوراثية وطرق جمعها وحفظها وتقييمها عالجت الأصول الوراثية للحبوب والبقوليات الغذائية والأشجار المثمرة والأعلاف والمراعي الطبيعية كما اهتمت الدروة بالجزء العملي الذي اشتمل على تدريبات عملية مخبرية وجولات حقلية للتعرف على النباتات البرية وجمع بذورها وطرق معالجتها وتعريفها وحفظها
- البذور المعطاءة :التربية التشاركية للنباتAuthor(s): Vernooy, Ronnie (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2004-01-11)Date: 2004-01-11Type: BookStatus: Timeless limited accessيقدم هذا الكتاب وهو واحد من سلسلة كتب "في بؤرة الاهتمام" أجزاء من العمل البحثي الشاق حول التنوع الحيوي الذي تم تنفيذه وما زال جارياً في العديد من الأماكن التي غالباً ما تكون نائية ومعروفة بشكل محدود في شتى أرجاء العالم.
- Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Pathogens in CottonAuthor(s): Lyon, Bruce; Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, Luis Augusto (2000 Australian Cotton Conference, 2000-08-16)Date: 2000-08-16Type: Conference PaperStatus: Open accessMicro-organisms can be identified by the size or sequence of a portion of their DNA, and this information can suggest if they are likely to cause disease. Molecular plant pathology could revolutionise disease diagnosis in cotton crops by enabling fast and accurate identification of harmful fungi before severe disease symptoms develop
- Verticillium and Fusarium Wilts of Cotton: Molecular Genetic Markers for Disease ResistanceAuthor(s): Akbari, Mona; Kota, Raja; Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, Luis Augusto; Lyon, Bruce (2000 Australian Cotton Conference, 2000-08-16)Date: 2000-08-16Type: Conference PaperStatus: Open accessVerticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt, vascular diseases caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogens Verticillium dahliae
- Field manual of common faba bean diseases in the Nile ValleyAuthor(s): Bernier, Claude; Hanounik, Salim B.; M. Hussein, Mustafa; A. Mohamed, Hosni (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1985-03-24)Date: 1985-03-24Type: ManualStatus: Open accessThis field guide will assist field workers in correct disease diagnosis and control to improve productivity and yield stability of faba beans
- Screening Techniques for Disease Resistance in Faba BeansAuthor(s): Hanounik, Salim B. (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1986-11-23)Date: 1986-11-23Type: ManualStatus: Open accessFaba beans are affected by a number of diseases that could cause great annual losses and sometimes complete crop failures. Although these diseases can be managed partially by certain fungicides and modified cultural practices, effective crop protection can be achieved only if host resistance is used as a major component. Therefore, developing specific screening techniques for the detection of useful sources of resistance to 10 major diseases has received special attention at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). This manual compiles information on various techniques that will be valuable to plant pathologists. Breeders and other professionals involved in host screening for disease resistance will find it particularly useful. It serves as an important training resource and aims to assist in identifying new sources of disease resistance, which can be leveraged to enhance the productivity and yield stability of faba beans.
- Principaux ravageurs du ble et de l'orge: guide d'identification au champAuthor(s): H. Kamel, Ahmed (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1994-02-20)Date: 1994-02-20Type: ManualStatus: Open accessCe manuel comporte une presentation succincte des groupes de maladies cryptogamiques, bacteriennes et virales. Il aborde aussi les nematodes, les maladies physiologiques et les principaux insectes economiques. Quarante-quatre maladies et insectes y sont presentes et illustres par soixante-quatorze photos.
- الدليل الحقلي لأهم آفات القمح والشعيرAuthor(s): H. Kamel, Ahmed (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 1985-02-10)Date: 1985-02-10Type: ManualStatus: Open accessضم هذا الكتيب لمحة عن مجموعات الأمراض الفطرية والبكتيرية والفيروسية والأمراض الناتجة عن الإصابة بالديدان الثعبانية وكذلك الأمراض الفسيولوجية كما ضم أهم الحشرات الاقتصادية وقد شمل 44 مرضاً وحشرة موضحة بـ 72 صورة
- Comprehensive Review of Action Plans for Economic Water Productivity in Gender and Youth Sensitive Value ChainsDate: 2026-02-24Type: Internal ReportStatus: Open accessTunisia and the wider MENA region face a structural water deficit that makes improving economic water productivity along agri-food value chains a strategic imperative. The reviewed action plans combine technical measures (modern irrigation, non-conventional water, renewable energy), governance reforms, innovative finance and targeted capacity building to raise value per cubic meter while beginning to address gender and youth inclusion. Yet persistent gaps in legislation, infrastructure, energy costs and financial access continue to limit resilience, so the report recommends an integrated Water Management Resilience approach that scales nature-based solutions, climate-smart and gender-responsive finance, digital water accounting and more strategic management of virtual water trade.
- One Hundred Years of Wheat Breeding at the Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Eskişehir, TürkiyeAuthor(s): Keser, MesutDate: 2025-12-13Type: Conference PaperStatus: Open accessBackground Established in 1925 as Islah-ı Buzr — the first agricultural research station of the Turkish Republic — the institute in Eskişehir has pursued wheat improvement for a century. At the time of its founding, wheat cultivation in the region relied entirely on farmer-selected landraces. In Eskişehir districts these included Ak buğday, Sarı buğday, Sünter and Kadiroğlu, while the Konya plain was dominated by Kunduru and Akyarnaz types, each occupying distinct ecological niches. These landraces formed the foundational germplasm for systematic breeding. Breeding Teams and Programme Structure Over a century, five successive breeding teams have led the programme — from E. Yektay's pioneering work through to the current team comprising S. Bolat, U. Çelik, I. Dönmez and colleagues. Institutional continuity was ensured by the deliberate overlap of one or two senior researchers between consecutive teams, creating an unbroken chain of scientific knowledge transfer. The programme evolved through three distinct phases: an individual/institutional decision-making phase (1925–1969); a nationally coordinated project phase (1969–1993, Project II-661-2-061); and a structured project-based phase (1993–present) under TAGEM oversight, with defined institutional responsibilities and regional priorities. Varieties Released The institute has released 48 wheat varieties in total — 40 bread wheat (T. aestivum) and 8 durum wheat (T. durum), spanning rainfed (33) and irrigated (15) target environments. Additional releases include 14 barley, 2 oat and 3 triticale varieties. The breeding pipeline has been supported by extensive multi-location testing across 25 sites in central and western Türkiye, generating over 162,000 plot observations between 1980 and 2025. Impact The programme's impact has been substantial and measurable. Kunduru 1149 — a durum wheat selected from a farmer's market in 1946 and released in 1967 — became a mega-cultivar, reaching 895,079 ha across 32 provinces by 1989–90. Bread wheat Gerek79 achieved even wider adoption, covering 1,423,070 ha in 32 provinces in the same period. By 1990, TZARI-bred varieties collectively occupied approximately 43% of Türkiye's total wheat area. Conclusion Over its first century, TZARI has evolved from a small landrace collection station into a leading national wheat breeding programme with strong international linkages — notably as a founding partner of the International Winter Wheat Improvement Programme (IWWIP, Turkey–CIMMYT–ICARDA, 1986–present). As climate variability and shifting production systems pose new challenges to Central Anatolian agriculture, the institute's accumulated germplasm, methodological expertise and institutional memory provide a vital foundation from which to develop the next generation of resilient, high-yielding varieties.
- Plant Growth Speed, Photosynthetically Active Radiation Utilization and Association of them with Grain Yield in Winter Wheat in MultilocationAuthor(s): Keser, Mesut; Ozseven, İzzet; Akın, Beyhan; Topal, IlkerDate: 2025-12-05Type: Conference PaperStatus: Open accessGlobal warming has significantly influenced plant phenology, including winter wheat, affecting developmental stages from germination to maturity. Winters are becoming milder, and spring precipitation is shifting toward later growth stages of winter wheat across the northern hemisphere, particularly in West and Central Asia. Vernalization (Vrn), photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd), and intrinsic earliness genes play an important role in the environmental adaptation of winter wheat. It has been observed that genotypes exhibiting rapid early spring growth and ground coverage, thereby minimizing soil evaporation, demonstrate better adaptation to winter wheat-growing regions. Although early-maturing genotypes can escape terminal drought stress, they may not benefit from precipitation occurring during later growth stages. The objectives of this study were to assess growth speed (GS), ground coverage, and the efficiency of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) utilization during the growth of winter wheat. A total of 825 entries, including five check varieties, were evaluated in Eskişehir, Ankara, and İzmir, Türkiye. The germplasm originated from more than 80 crosses made among diverse germplasm pools; all genotypes were in the F6 generation. The experimental design was augmented design, with plots consisting of 1 m × 1 row in İzmir and Ankara, and 4 m × 6 rows in Eskişehir. The check varieties (Gerek, Karahan, Sönmez, Taner, and Bayraktar) were sequentially repeated as every 20th entry in the trial. The traits measured were Days to Heading (DH) and Plant Height (PH), measured at weekly intervals across all locations. In Eskişehir, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content with Chlorophyl Meter were also measured at the same time with PH measurements. Daily meteorological data, along with solar radiation and PAR, were determined at each site. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all measured traits. As expected, plant development was earliest in İzmir. Growth speed varied across environments: initial growth was most rapid in Izmir, slowest in Ankara, and intermediate in Eskişehir. In Ankara, growth speed (GS) followed a bell-shaped pattern, beginning slowly, increasing during the mid-growing stage, and declining toward maturity. Although initial GS was high in both Eskişehir and Izmir, it showed a steady decline in İzmir, while in Eskişehir it fluctuated in response to changing weather conditions. Significant genotype × environment interactions were observed for all traits. Genotypes demonstrated differential responses in PAR utilization across growth stages and environments, suggesting that yield potential could be enhanced by exploiting the most efficient performers under specific environmental conditions.
- Unraveling the Multiple Biocontrol Mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. in the Protection of Grapevines Against Botrytis cinereaAuthor(s): Aoujil, Faiçal; Dagha, Achraf; Agharabi, Najoua; Tommis, Basma; Hourmatallah, Imane; Yahyaoui, Hiba; Karkach, Imane; Elyacoubi, Houda; Aziz, Aziz; Maafa, Ilyass; Hafidi, Majida; Habbadi, Khaoula (MDPI, 2026-02-16)Date: 2026-02-16Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Open accessBotrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mold in grapevine, remains one of the most economically important pathogens in viticulture and a key target for sustainable biocontrol strategies. This study evaluated the antagonistic potential of seven Trichoderma isolates (T1–T7), collected from the rhizosphere of grapevine in Morocco, using a combination of in vitro and in planta assays designed to capture multiple direct and indirect modes of action. The isolates exhibited variable levels of antagonism through competition, volatile organic compounds, extracellular metabolites, and elicitation responses. Preliminary in planta assays on detached grape berries further demonstrated that all selected isolates reduced lesion development, with preventive applications yielding the strongest protection. Overall, the study highlights the complementary and strain-specific mechanisms underlying Trichoderma & B. cinerea interactions and underscores the importance of isolate selection and application timing for the development of effective and environmentally friendly grey mold management strategies. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the future evaluation of promising isolates under vineyard conditions.
- Chemical Composition Diversity and In Vitro Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils Derived From Cymbopogon citratus, Origanum majorana and Lavandula dentata Against Two Phytopathogens Isolated From Pulse CropsAuthor(s): Sbai, Hajar; Maafa, Ilyass; Nemmassi, Youssef; Afkhar, Hassan; Hajib, Ahmed; Msairi, Soukaina; Radouane, Nabil; Costa, Jean; Majidi, Lhou; Bouyahya, Abdelhakim; Sumaily, Khalid; Tabyaoui, Mohamed; Harhar, Hicham (Wiley (24 months - No Online Open))Date: 2026-04-27Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of lemongrass, majoram, and lavender essential oils (EOs) against Apiospora arundinis and Fusarium oxysporum under in vitro conditions. GC–MS and GC-FID analysis of lemongrass EO revealed that geranial (45.65%) was the major component, followed by neral (33.79%) and geraniol (3.74%). In majoram EO, terpinen-4-ol (55.83%) was identified as the main compound, along with α-terpineol (17.21%) and Z-sabinene hydrate (4.39%). The chemical composition of lavender EO was dominated by cis-14-nor-muurol-5-en-4-one (9.16%), myrtenal (8.39%), and β-eudesmol (7.26%). Antifungal activity was assessed in vitro using the direct contact assay and disk diffusion method. All tested EOs exhibited significant antifungal inhibition on mycelium growth of the two fungal pathogens. Lavandula dentata EO showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μL/mL using both methods. In contrast, Cymbopogon citratus EO established the lowest MIC (0.4 μL/mL) in the disk diffusion assay, highlighting both the potency of lemongrass EO and the effectiveness of the disk diffusion assay in our study.
- Meta-analysis of rice yield and grain quality under high temperature: Effects of intensity, magnitude, timing, environment, and growth stageAuthor(s): Yang, Yi; Luo, Jian; Xian, Qinglin; Li, HuiHui; Liu, Jianli; Zou, Ting; Nangia, Vinay; Li, Yuze; Liu, Yang (Elsevier)Date: 2026-06-26Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessHigh-temperature stress (HT) increasingly threatens rice yield and grain quality under global warming. Variability in experimental conditions, and growth stages, however, limits our understanding of HT effects. To address these limitations, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 315 observations from 61 globally distributed studies to evaluate the effects of temperature increase, diurnal warming patterns (daytime-only, nighttime-only, and synchronous diurnal warming), and growth stage on rice yield and grain quality across cultivation systems. Our results show that: (1) seed-setting rate decreases progressively with warming, whereas spikelets per panicle exhibit a threshold response, declining significantly only when high temperature exceeds 32℃, whereas panicle number and thousand-grain weight were less affected, indicating that maintaining spikelet development and fertility is crucial for enhancing thermotolerance; (2) pot experiments under controlled conditions exaggerate the negative impacts of HT on rice milling and appearance quality relative to field studies; (3) synchronous diurnal warming exerted stronger adverse effects on seed-setting rate and grain chalkiness than either daytime-only or nighttime-only warming; and (4) HT during the seedling and tillering stages promoted dry matter accumulation, whereas HT after heading substantially reduced biomass, panicle traits, and grain quality. This meta-analysis quantifies the effects of high-temperature stress on rice yield, as well as appearance, milling, nutritional, and cooking quality traits, providing evidence-based guidance for developing adaptive agronomic practices.