Comparative Biology and Life Cycle of The Barley Stem Gall Midge and Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco
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Date
2016-06-30
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Authors
Lhaloui, Saadia
El Bouhssini, Mustapha
Otmane, R.
Ouriniche, Siham
Alami, Amin
Citation
Saadia Lhaloui, Mustapha El Bouhssini, R. Otmane, Siham Ouriniche, Amin Alami. (30/6/2016). Comparative Biology and Life Cycle of The Barley Stem Gall Midge and Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Morocco. Revue Marocaine de Protection des Plantes, 9, pp. 17-37.
Abstract
The barley stem gall midge, Mayetiola hordei (Keiffer) is the most serious pest of barley in
Morocco. The biology and life cycle of this insect were studied in a laboratory and under
natural weather conditions. The results showed that similarly to Hessian fly, barley stem gall
midge has two feeding instars and a third non-feeding instar. The generation time was
longer for barley stem gall midge than for Hessian fly (45 vs 32 days at 18 ± 1°C, and a
12:12 (L: D) h photoperiod). The eggs of barley stem gall midge hatched in 7 days
compared to 4 days for Hessian fly. The largest discrepancy in developmental time was for
second instar and pupa. Second instars and pupae of barley stem gall midge required twice
as long as those of Hessian fly to develop and molt into next stage (12 vs. 6 days). The first
and third instars of barley stem gall midge also required a little bit longer to complete
development (9 and 10 days vs. 7 and 8 days for Hessian fly). Like for Hessian fly, barley
stem gall midge reproduces mostly by unisexual progenies. Four progeny classes were
observed; unisexual female progenies, unisexual male progenies, predominantly female
progenies, and predominantly male progenies. The proportion of unisexual female and male
progenies and the proportion of predominantly female and predominantly male progenies
were similar. Overall, the sex ratio of both species was about 1:1. Under field weather
conditions that prevail in the Chaouia region of Morocco, barley stem gall midge has two
complete generations and a third partial one. The first generation starts late October, and
ends late December. The second generation develops from January until early March. A
high proportion of third instars of this generation fail to pupate (35%). The third generation
is only partial; adults of the second generation emerge during March, oviposit and larvae
develop to third instars but all go into summer diapause.
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El Bouhssini, Mustapha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-3126