Wheat and Barley Seed Systems in Ethiopia and Syria

Abstract

In Ethiopia and Syria, wheat and barley have been crucial cereal crops for centuries, with farmer-based seed selection leading to diverse local landraces. As agriculture commercialized, plant breeding and seed production became distinct fields. Researchers studied the seed systems in both countries to understand various factors, including information flow on agricultural technologies, farmers’ perceptions and criteria for modern varieties, seed sources, and on-farm diversity.

Farmers utilize both formal (extension services, development agencies) and informal (experience, relatives, neighbors) information sources to learn about crop production. Over 90% of wheat growers are aware of modern varieties and agrochemical inputs. In Ethiopia, formal extension services were the primary information source, while in Syria, local farmers played a more significant role. Most wheat growers cultivated modern varieties, with Ethiopian farmers primarily growing bread wheat. However, barley adoption in Syria remains low despite the release of modern varieties.

Farmers identified about 26 criteria for adopting new varieties, with yield, grain quality, and marketability being essential. Ethiopian farmers emphasized pest tolerance, while Syrian farmers sought non-lodging and drought-tolerant traits. For seed acquisition, farmers relied on saved seeds, informal exchanges, purchases from local markets, and formal sector sources. The informal sector was crucial, especially in Ethiopia, where it provided modern varieties for a significant percentage of farmers.